Eco-Friendly Enhancement of Silicate Coatings for Steel Using Lawsonia inermis Extract as a Dual-Function Dispersant and Corrosion Inhibitor

Abstract

Corrosion of steel structures remains a persistent challenge in construction, particularly in coastal and industrial environments where chloride-induced degradation accelerates structural failure. This study presents an eco-friendly approach to improve the corrosion protection of the steel by incorporating Lawsonia inermis (henna) leaf extract into zinc–aluminum silicate coatings. The henna extract was added at varying concentrations (0–12 wt%) to evaluate its influence on structure, adhesion, and electrochemical performance of the coating. Physicochemical characterizations including FTIR, XRD, XRF, and SEM revealed that a 5 wt% addition optimized pigment dispersion, resulting in a denser and more homogeneous coating microstructure. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization tests after 35 days of immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution demonstrated that this formulation achieved the highest impedance and polarization resistance, confirming enhanced corrosion resistance. The improvement was attributed to the dual action of the henna extract: (i) as a dispersant, promoting uniform Zn–Al pigment distribution and reducing porosity, and (ii) as a green corrosion inhibitor, forming an adsorbed protective film on the steel surface. This work highlights the potential of bioderived additives to enhance the long-term durability of steel infrastructure and supports the development of sustainable protective materials for construction applications.