Utilization and Management Implications of Bale-Bale Fishing Gear for Flying Fish Eggs (Exocoetidae)

Abstract

Flying fish (Exocoetidae) represent an important marine resource inthe Aru Islands, Eastern Indonesia, where their eggs have long been harvestedusing traditional bale-bale gear. However, recent increases in exploitation byandon fishers from Sulawesi have placed growing ecological strain on theresource and raised the risk of social tensions. This study investigates thedynamics of the flying fish egg fishery, evolving harvesting practices, and themanagement challenges associated with bale-bale use. Data were gatheredthrough field observations, structured interviews (2021–2023), participatorymapping, and policy review. The results show that 80% of the fishers aremigrants who operate between 2 and 200 nautical miles offshore, using gear thatranges from simple rafts to double-deck configurations. The overlap of fishingzones between local and andon fishers has intensified competition, leading to asignificant reduction in egg catch. Furthermore, centralized fisheries governancehas limited the effectiveness of local enforcement. Unregulated harvesting posesa serious threat to recruitment in flying fish populations, drawing parallels tochallenges observed in lobster seed collection. To mitigate these risks, the studyrecommends standardizing gear, restricting bale-bale use to a maximum of 85units per vessel, prohibiting double-deck rafts, enforcing stricter licensing andquota systems for migrant fleets, and enhancing coordination between differentlevels of government. A collaborative management framework rooted inscientific data is vital for safeguarding the long-term sustainability of the flyingfish egg fishery in Maluku waters.